Mahan در ‏۱ ژوئیهٔ ۲۰۱۷، ساعت ۱۰:۰۹

2017-07-01T10:09:43Z

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{| style="background:none"
| style="vertical-align:top" |
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:90%"
! colspan="2"| [[Consonant]]s
|-
! style="width:3em" | IPA !! مثال
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|b}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | '''b'''uy, ca'''b'''
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|d}}}}
| style="text-align: left" |'''d'''ye, ca'''d''', a'''d'''age{{refn|group=nb|name="flapping"|In varieties with [[flapping]], {{IPA|/t/}} and {{IPA|/d/}} in syllable-final positions<ref>[http://conf.ling.cornell.edu/plab/paper/wpcpl7-Turk.pdf] pp. 104-106</ref> between a vowel and an unstressed or word-initial vowel may be pronounced with a tap {{IPAblink|ɾ}}, making the words ''latter'' and ''ladder'' homophonous. Some dictionaries (such as [[New Oxford American Dictionary|NOAD]]) transcribe those instances as {{angle bracket|{{IPA|d}}}}, {{angle bracket|{{IPA|D}}}}, or {{angle bracket|{{IPA|t̮}}}}, but they are not distinguished from {{IPA|/t/}} or {{IPA|/d/}} in this notation system. In those varieties, the sequence {{IPA|/nt/}} in the same environment may also be realized as [[nasalized]] tap {{IPA|[ɾ̃]}}, which may sound similar or identical to {{IPA|/n/}}. This is also not distinguished on Iranpedia.}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|dʒ}}}}
| style="text-align: left" |'''g'''iant, ba'''dge''', '''j'''am
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|ð}}}}
| style="text-align: left" |'''th'''y, brea'''the''', fa'''th'''er
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|f}}}}
| style="text-align: left" |'''f'''an, ca'''ff''', '''ph'''i
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|ɡ}}}} ({{IPA|ɡ}}){{refn|group=nb|If the two characters {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ɡ}}}} and {{angle bracket|{{IPA|[[File:Opentail g.svg|6px]]}}}} do not match and if the first looks like a {{angle bracket|{{IPA|γ}}}}, then you have an issue with your default font. See {{section link|Help:IPA|Rendering issues}}.}}
| style="text-align: left" |'''g'''uy, ba'''g'''
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|h}}}}
| style="text-align: left" |'''h'''igh, a'''h'''ead
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|hw}}}}
| style="text-align: left" |'''wh'''y{{refn|group=nb|The phoneme {{IPA|/hw/}} is not distinguished from {{IPA|/w/}} in the many dialects with the [[Wine–whine merger|''wine''–''whine'' merger]], such as RP and most varieties of GenAm. For more information on this sound, see [[voiceless labialized velar approximant]].}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|j}}}}{{refn|group=nb|The IPA value of the letter {{angle bracket|{{IPA|j}}}} is counter-intuitive to many English speakers. However, it does occur with this sound in a few English words: Besides [[hallelujah]], there are [[fjord]], [[Jägermeister]] and [[Jarlsberg cheese]].}}
| style="text-align: left" |'''y'''es, hallelu'''j'''ah
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|k}}}}
| style="text-align: left" |s'''k'''y, '''c'''ra'''ck'''
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|l}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | {{Not a typo|'''l'''ie, s'''l'''y, ga'''l'''}}{{refn|group=nb|{{IPA|/l/}} in the [[syllable coda]], as in the words ''all'', ''cold'', or ''bottle'', is pronounced as {{IPAblink|o}}, {{IPAblink|u}}, {{IPAblink|w}} or a similar sound in many dialects through [[L-vocalization]].}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|m}}}}
| style="text-align: left" |'''m'''y, s'''m'''ile, ca'''m'''
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|n}}}}
| style="text-align: left" |'''n'''igh, s'''n'''ide, ca'''n'''
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|ŋ}}}}
| style="text-align: left" |sa'''ng''', si'''n'''k, si'''ng'''er
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|p}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | {{Not a typo|'''p'''ie, s'''p'''y, ca'''p'''}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|r}}{{refn|group=nb|In most varieties of English, {{IPA|/r/}} is pronounced as an approximant {{IPA|[ɹ]}}. Although the IPA symbol {{IPA|[r]}} represents a [[alveolar trill|trill]], {{IPA|/r/}} is widely used instead of {{IPA|/ɹ/}} in broad transcriptions of English.}}
| style="text-align: left" |'''r'''ye, t'''r'''y, ve'''r'''y
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|s}}}}
| style="text-align: left" |'''s'''igh, ma'''ss'''
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|ʃ}}}}
| style="text-align: left" |'''sh'''y, ca'''sh''', emo'''ti'''on
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|t}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | {{Not a typo|'''t'''ie, s'''t'''y, ca'''t''', a'''t'''om}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|tʃ}}}}
| style="text-align: left" |'''Ch'''ina, ca'''tch'''
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|θ}}}}
| style="text-align: left" |'''th'''igh, ma'''th'''
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|v}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | {{Not a typo|'''v'''ie, ha'''ve'''}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|w}}}}
| style="text-align: left" |'''w'''ye, s'''w'''ine
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|z}}}}
| style="text-align: left" |'''z'''oo, ha'''s'''
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|ʒ}}}}
| style="text-align: left" |plea'''s'''ure, vi'''si'''on, bei'''g'''e{{refn|group=nb|A number of English words, such as ''genre'' and ''garage'', may be pronounced with either {{IPA|/ʒ/}} or {{IPA|/dʒ/}}.}}
|-
| colspan="4" style="border-left: #fff solid 1px; border-right: #fff solid 1px; background: #fff" |  
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Marginal phoneme|Marginal segments]]
|-
! IPA !! مثال
|-
| {{big|{{IPAlink|x}}}}
| style="text-align: left" |u'''gh''', lo'''ch''', '''Ch'''anukah{{refn|group=nb|In most dialects, {{IPA|/x/}} is replaced by {{IPA|/k/}} in most words, including ''loch''. It is also replaced with {{IPA|/h/}} in some words, such as ''Chanukah''.}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPAlink|ʔ}}}}
| style="text-align: left" |uh'''-'''oh {{nowrap|{{IPA|/ˈʔʌʔoʊ/}}}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPAlink|ɒ̃}}}}
| style="text-align: left" |b'''on''' viv'''ant'''{{refn|group=nb|name=nasalvowel|{{IPA|/ɒ̃, æ̃/}} are only found in French loanwords and often replaced by another vowel and a nasal consonant: ''bon vivant'' {{nowrap|{{IPA|/ˌbɒn viːˈvɑːnt/}}}}, ''ensemble'' {{nowrap|{{IPA|/ɑːnˈsɑːmbəl/}}}}, ''croissant'' {{nowrap|{{IPA|/ˈkwæs.ɑːŋ/}}}}.<ref group=ref>{{EPD|bon vivant|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bfLXAAAAQBAJ&q=vivant|edition=18th}}</ref><ref group=ref>{{EPD|ensemble|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bfLXAAAAQBAJ&q=ensemble|edition=18th}}</ref><ref group=ref>{{EPD|French words and phrases|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jGSXwqTCwpkC&pg=PA202|page=202|edition=17th}}</ref>}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPAlink|æ̃}}}}
| style="text-align: left" |f'''in''' de siècle
|}

| style="vertical-align: top" |
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="4"| [[Vowel]]s
|-
! colspan="2" | Full vowels !! colspan="2" | ...followed by R
|-
! IPA !! مثال !! IPA !! مثال
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|ɑː}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | {{sc|p'''a'''lm}}, f'''a'''ther, br'''a'''
| {{big|{{IPA|ɑːr}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | {{sc|st'''ar'''t}}, b'''ar'''d, b'''ar'''n, sn'''ar'''l, st'''ar'''
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|ɒ}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | {{sc|l'''o'''t}}, p'''o'''d, J'''o'''hn{{refn|group=nb|{{IPA|/ɒ/}} is not distinguished from {{IPA|/ɑː/}} in dialects with the [[Father–bother merger|''father''–''bother'' merger]] such as GenAm.}}
| {{big|{{IPA|ɒr}}}}
| style="text-align: left" |m'''or'''al, f'''or'''age
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|æ}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | {{sc|tr'''a'''p}}, p'''a'''d, b'''a'''n{{refn|group=nb|Some regions, such as New York City and Philadelphia, separate this into two phonemes, {{IPA|/æ/}} and {{IPA|/eǝ/}}, so that the vowel in ''crash'' may be closer to that in ''mail'' than that in ''cat''. In other dialects, such as [[General American]], the two sounds are allophones. See [[:/æ/ tensing|{{IPA|/æ/}} tensing]].}}{{refn|group=nb|In some regions, what would normally be {{IPA|[æŋ]}} or {{IPA|[æɡ]}} is pronounced as {{IPA|[eŋ]}} or {{IPA|[eɪŋ]}}, {{IPA|[eɡ]}} or {{IPA|[eɪɡ]}}, so that the ''a'' in ''rang'' and ''rag'' is closer to the ''ai'' in ''rain'' than the ''a'' in ''rat''.}}
| {{big|{{IPA|ær}}}}
| style="text-align: left" |b'''arr'''ow, m'''arr'''y{{refn|group=nb|{{IPA|/ær/}} is pronounced the same as {{IPA|/ɛr/}} in accents with the [[Mary–marry–merry merger|''Mary''–''marry''–''merry'' merger]].}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | {{big|{{IPA|aɪ}}}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: left" | {{sc|pr'''i'''ce}}, r'''i'''de, f'''i'''le, f'''i'''ne, p'''ie'''{{refn|group=nb|Many speakers, for example in most of Canada and much of the United States, have a different vowel in ''price'' and ''ride''. Generally, an {{IPA|[aɪ]}} is used at the ends of words and before voiced sounds, as in ''ride, file, fine, pie,'' while an {{IPA|[ʌɪ]}} is used before voiceless sounds, as in ''price'' and ''write''. Because {{IPA|/t/}} and {{IPA|/d/}} are often conflated in the middle of words in these dialects, derivatives of these words, such as ''rider'' and ''writer'', may be distinguished only by their vowel: {{IPA|[ˈɹʷ'''aɪ'''ɾɚ], [ˈɹʷ'''ʌɪ'''ɾɚ]}}. However, even though the value of {{IPA|/aɪ/}} is not predictable in some words, such as ''spider'' {{IPA|[ˈsp'''ʌɪ'''ɾɚ]}},{{fact}} dictionaries do not generally record it, so it has not been allocated a separate transcription here.}}
| {{big|{{IPA|aɪər}}}}
| style="text-align: left" |'''Ire'''land, h'''ire''' (= {{IPA|/aɪr/}})
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|aɪ.ər}}}}
| style="text-align: left" |h'''igher''', b'''uyer'''{{refn|group=nb|name=hire|Some speakers pronounce ''higher, flower, layer'' (stratum) and ''mayor'' with two syllables, and ''hire, flour, lair'' and ''mare'' with one. Others pronounce them the same.}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | {{big|{{IPA|aʊ}}}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: left" | {{sc|m'''ou'''th}}, l'''ou'''d, f'''ou'''l, d'''ow'''n, h'''ow'''
| {{big|{{IPA|aʊər}}}}
| style="text-align: left" |fl'''our''' (= {{IPA|/aʊr/}})
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|aʊ.ər}}}}
| style="text-align: left" |fl'''ower'''
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|ɛ}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | {{sc|dr'''e'''ss}}, b'''e'''t, f'''e'''ll, m'''e'''n{{refn|group=nb|name="E"|{{IPA|/ɛ/}} is transcribed as {{IPA|/e/}} by many dictionaries.<ref group=ref>{{cite web|last1=Wells|first1=John|title=e and ɛ|url=http://phonetic-blog.blogspot.com.au/2009/03/e-and.html|website=John Wells's phonetic blog|publisher=Blogspot|accessdate=13 March 2015|date=18 March 2009}}</ref>}}
| {{big|{{IPA|ɛr}}}}
| style="text-align: left" |'''err'''or, m'''err'''y
|-
| rowspan="2" | {{big|{{IPA|eɪ}}}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: left" | {{sc|f'''a'''ce}}, m'''a'''de, f'''ai'''l, v'''ei'''n, p'''ay'''
| {{big|{{IPA|ɛər}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | {{sc|squ'''are'''}}, m'''are''', sc'''ar'''ce, c'''air'''n, M'''ar'''y (= {{IPA|/eɪr/}}){{refn|{{IPA|/ɛər/}} is pronounced the same as {{IPA|/ɛr/}} in accents with the [[Mary–marry–merry merger|''Mary''–''marry''–''merry'' merger]]. It is often transcribed as {{IPA|/eə/}} by British dictionaries and as {{IPA|/er/}} by American ones. The OED uses {{IPA|/ɛː/}} for BrE and {{IPA|/ɛ(ə)r/}} for AmE,<ref name=oed-key group=ref>{{cite web|title=Key to pronunciation|url=http://public.oed.com/how-to-use-the-oed/key-to-pronunciation/|website=Oxford English Dictionary|publisher=Oxford University Press|accessdate=13 March 2015}}</ref> but the Oxford Online Dictionaries apparently always use {{IPA|/er/}} for AmE despite having {{IPA|/e(ə)r/}} in their key to US pronunciations.<ref name=ood group=ref>[http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/square "square"] in Oxford Online Dictionaries</ref><ref name=ood-key group=ref>[http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/words/key-to-pronunciation-us Key to US pronunciations] in Oxford Online Dictionaries</ref>}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|eɪ.ər}}}}
| style="text-align: left" |l'''ayer''' ''(one who lays)''
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|ɪ}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | {{sc|k'''i'''t}}, l'''i'''d, f'''i'''ll, b'''i'''n
| {{big|{{IPA|ɪr}}}}
| style="text-align: left" |m'''irr'''or, S'''ir'''ius
|-
| rowspan="2" | {{big|{{IPA|iː}}}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: left" | {{sc|fl'''ee'''ce}}, s'''ee'''d, f'''ee'''l, m'''ea'''n, s'''ea'''
| {{big|{{IPA|ɪər}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | {{sc|n'''ear'''}}, b'''ear'''d, f'''ier'''ce, s'''er'''ious (= {{IPA|/iːr/}}){{refn|group=nb|{{IPA|/ɪər/}} is pronounced the same as {{IPA|/ɪr/}} in accents with the [[mirror–nearer merger|''mirror''–''nearer'' merger]].}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|iː.ər}}}}
| style="text-align: left" |fr'''eer'''
|-
| rowspan="2" | {{big|{{IPA|ɔː}}}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: left" | {{sc|th'''ough'''t}}, M'''au'''d, d'''aw'''n, f'''a'''ll, str'''aw'''{{refn|group=nb|{{IPA|/ɔː/}} is not distinguished from {{IPA|/ɒ/}} (except before {{IPA|/r/}}) in dialects with the [[Cot–caught merger|''cot''–''caught'' merger]] such as some varieties of GenAm.}}
| {{big|{{IPA|ɔːr}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | {{sc|n'''or'''th}}, b'''or'''n, w'''ar''', L'''aur'''a{{refn|group=nb|name="horse-hoarse"|{{IPA|/ɔər/}} is not distinguished from {{IPA|/ɔːr/}} in dialects with the [[Horse–hoarse merger|''horse''–''hoarse'' merger]], which include most dialects of modern English. Many dictionaries do not differentiate between them.}}{{refn|group=nb|name="cure-force"|{{IPA|/ʊər/}} is not distinguished from {{IPA|/ɔːr/}} in dialects with the [[cure–force merger|''cure''–''force'' merger]], including many younger speakers. In England, the merger may not be fully consistent and may only apply to more common words. In conservative RP and Northern England English {{IPA|/ʊər/}} is much more commonly preserved than in modern RP and Southern England English. In Australia and New Zealand, {{IPA|/ʊər/}} does not exist as a separate phoneme and is replaced either by the sequence {{IPA|/uː.ər/}} ({{IPA|/uːr/}} before vowels within the same word, save for some compounds) or the monophthong {{IPA|/ɔːr/}}.}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|ɔː.ər}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | s'''awer'''
|-
| rowspan="2" | {{big|{{IPA|ɔɪ}}}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: left" | {{sc|ch'''oi'''ce}}, v'''oi'''d, f'''oi'''l, c'''oi'''n, b'''oy'''
| {{big|{{IPA|ɔɪər}}}}
| style="text-align: left" |c'''oir''' (= {{IPA|/ɔɪr/}})
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|ɔɪ.ər}}}}
| style="text-align: left" |empl'''oyer'''
|-
| rowspan="2" | {{big|{{IPA|oʊ}}}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: left" | {{sc|g'''oa'''t}}, c'''o'''de, f'''oa'''l, b'''o'''ne, g'''o'''{{refn|group=nb|{{IPA|/oʊ/}} is commonly transcribed {{IPA|/əʊ/}} or {{IPA|/oː/}}.}}
| {{big|{{IPA|ɔər}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | {{sc|f'''or'''ce}}, m'''ore''', b'''oar''', '''or'''al (= {{IPA|/oʊr/}})
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|oʊ.ər}}}}
| style="text-align: left" |m'''ower'''
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|ʊ}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | {{sc|f'''oo'''t}}, g'''oo'''d, f'''u'''ll, w'''o'''man
| {{big|{{IPA|ʊr}}}}
| style="text-align: left" |c'''our'''ier
|-
| rowspan="2" | {{big|{{IPA|uː}}}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: left" | {{sc|g'''oo'''se}}, f'''oo'''d, f'''oo'''l, s'''oo'''n, d'''o'''
| {{big|{{IPA|ʊər}}}}
| style="text-align: left" |b'''oor''', m'''oor''', t'''our'''ist (= {{IPA|/uːr/}})
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|uː.ər}}}}
| style="text-align: left" |tr'''uer'''
|-
| rowspan="2" | {{big|{{IPA|juː}}}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: left" |c'''u'''te, m'''u'''le, p'''u'''ny, b'''eau'''ty, h'''u'''ge, t'''u'''ne{{refn|group=nb|In dialects with [[yod dropping]], {{IPA|/juː/}} is pronounced the same as {{IPA|/uː/}} after [[coronal consonant]]s ({{IPA|/t/}}, {{IPA|/d/}}, {{IPA|/s/}}, {{IPA|/z/}}, {{IPA|/n/}}, {{IPA|/θ/}}, and {{IPA|/l/}}) in the same syllable, so that ''dew'' {{IPA|/djuː/}} is pronounced the same as ''do'' {{IPA|/duː/}}. In dialects with [[yod coalescence]], {{IPA|/tj/}}, {{IPA|/dj/}}, {{IPA|/sj/}} and {{IPA|/zj/}} are pronounced {{IPA|/tʃ/}}, {{IPA|/dʒ/}}, {{IPA|/ʃ/}} and {{IPA|/ʒ/}}, so that the first syllable in ''Tuesday'' is pronounced the same as ''choose''.}}
| {{big|{{IPA|jʊər}}}}
| style="text-align: left" |c'''ure''' (= {{IPA|/juːr/}})
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|juː.ər}}}}
| style="text-align: left" |f'''ewer'''
|-
| rowspan="2" | {{big|{{IPA|ʌ}}}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: left" | {{sc|str'''u'''t}}, b'''u'''d, d'''u'''ll, g'''u'''n{{refn|group=nb|{{IPA|/ʌ/}} is not used in the dialects of the northern half of England, some bordering parts of Wales, and some broad eastern Ireland accents. These words would take the {{IPA|ʊ}} vowel: there is no [[Foot–strut split|''foot''–''strut'' split]].}}
| {{big|{{IPA|ɜːr}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | {{sc|n'''ur'''se}}, w'''or'''d, g'''ir'''l, f'''er'''n, f'''urr'''y, B'''er'''lin
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|ʌr}}}}
| style="text-align: left" |h'''urr'''y, n'''our'''ish (in the UK)
|-
! colspan="4" | [[Vowel reduction in English|Reduced vowels]] and [[syllabic consonant]]s
|-
! IPA !! مثال !! IPA !!مثال
|-
|rowspan="4"| {{big|{{IPA|ə}}}}
|rowspan="4" style="text-align: left" | {{sc|comm'''a'''}}, Ros'''a'''{{'}}s, '''a'''go, qui'''e'''t, foc'''u'''s
| {{big|{{IPA|ər}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | {{sc|lett'''er'''}}, p'''er'''ceive
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|əl}}}}
| style="text-align: left" |bott'''le''' (either {{IPA|[əl]}} or {{IPA|[l̩]}})
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|ən}}}}
| style="text-align: left" |butt'''on''' (either {{IPA|[ən]}} or {{IPA|[n̩]}})
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|əm}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | rhyth'''m''' (either {{IPA|[əm]}} or {{IPA|[m̩]}})
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|i}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | {{sc|happ'''y'''}}, ser'''i'''ous{{refn|group=nb|{{IPA|/i/}} is pronounced {{IPA|[i]}} in dialects with the [[Happy tensing|''happy'' tensing]], {{IPA|[ɪ]}} in other dialects. British convention used to transcribe it with {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ɪ}}}}, but the OED and other influential dictionaries recently converted to {{angle bracket|{{IPA|i}}}}.}} (either {{IPA|/ɪ/}} or {{IPA|/iː/}})
| {{big|{{IPA|u}}}}
| style="text-align: left" |superfl'''u'''ous (either {{IPA|/ʊ/}} or {{IPA|/uː/}})
|-
| rowspan="2" | {{big|{{IPA|ᵻ}}}}<ref name="non-ipa">{{angbr|{{IPA|ᵻ}}}} and {{angbr|{{IPA|ᵿ}}}} are non-[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] symbols. The way they are used on Iranpedia is based on the [[Oxford English Dictionary|OED]] use.</ref>
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: left" | ros'''e'''s, '''e'''nough{{refn|group=nb|{{IPA|/ᵻ/}} is pronounced as {{IPA|/ə/}} in Australian and many US dialects and as {{IPA|/ɪ/}} in others such as Received Pronunciation. Many speakers freely alternate between {{IPAblink|ɪ̈}} and {{IPA|[ə]}}. While the symbol {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ᵻ}}}} is sometimes used to represent {{IPA|[ɪ̈]}} as an unofficial extension to the IPA, {{IPA|/ᵻ/}} here does not specifically represent {{IPA|[ɪ̈]}}.}} (either {{IPA|/ɪ/}} or {{IPA|/ə/}})
| {{big|{{IPA|ᵿ}}}}<ref name="non-ipa"/>
| style="text-align: left" |beautif'''u'''l (either {{IPA|/ʊ/}} or {{IPA|/ə/}}){{refn|group=nb|name="/ᵿ/"|{{IPA|/ᵿ/}} is pronounced as {{IPA|/ʊ/}} in some dialects and as {{IPA|/ə/}} in others. Many speakers freely alternate between {{IPAblink|ʊ̈}} and {{IPA|[ə]}}. While the symbol {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ᵿ}}}} is sometimes used to represent {{IPA|[ʊ̈]}} as an unofficial extension to the IPA, {{IPA|/ᵿ/}} here does not specifically represent {{IPA|[ʊ̈]}}.}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|jᵿ}}}}<ref name="non-ipa"/>
| style="text-align: left" |curric'''u'''lum (either {{IPA|/jʊ/}} or {{IPA|/jə/}})
|-
| colspan="4" style="border-left: #fff solid 1px; border-right: #fff solid 1px; background:#fff" |  
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Stress (linguistics)|Stress]]
! colspan="2" | [[Syllabification]]
|-
! IPA !! Examples
! IPA !! Examples
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|ˈ}}}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: left" | {{nowrap|'''in'''to'''na'''tion {{nowrap| {{IPA|/ˌɪntəˈneɪʃən/}},}}{{refn|group=nb|It is arguable that there is no phonemic distinction in English between primary and secondary stress,<ref group=ref>{{citation|last=Ladefoged|first=Peter|year=1993|title=A Course in Phonetics|edition=3rd|location=Orlando |publisher=Harcourt Brace |isbn=0-15-507319-2}}</ref> but it is conventional to notate them as here.}}}} '''bat'''tleship {{IPA|/ˈbætəlʃɪp/}}{{refn|group=nb|Full vowels following a stressed syllable, such as the ''ship'' in ''battleship,'' are marked with secondary stress in some dictionaries (Merriam-Webster), but not in others (the OED).}}
| rowspan="2" | {{big|{{IPA|.}}}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: left" |{{nowrap|{{IPA|/haɪər/}}}} hire, {{nowrap|{{IPA|/haɪ.ər/}}}} higher{{refn|group=nb|Syllable divisions are not usually marked, but the IPA dot '.' may be used when it is wished to make explicit where a division between syllables is (or may be) made.}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|ˌ}}}}
|}
|}

'''Notes'''
* The IPA stress mark ({{IPA|ˈ}}) comes ''before'' the syllable that has the stress, in contrast to stress marking in [[Pronunciation respelling for English|pronunciation keys of some dictionaries published in the United States]].
* Words in {{sc|small capitals}} are the standard [[Lexical set#Wells Standard Lexical Sets for English|lexical sets]]. Words in the lexical sets {{sc|bath}} and {{sc|cloth}} may be given two transcriptions, either with {{IPA|/ɑː/}} and {{IPA|/ɔː/}}, or with {{IPA|/æ/}} and {{IPA|/ɒ/}}, respectively.

==توضیحات==
{{Reflist|group=nb}}
{{Reflist|30em}}

==منابع==
{{Reflist|group=ref}}

==پیوند به بیرون==
* [http://www.personal.psu.edu/ejp10/blogs/gotunicode/2008/09/getting-jaws-61-to-recognize-e.html Getting JAWS 6.1 to recognize "exotic" Unicode symbols]—For help on getting the [[صفحه‌خوان]] [[JAWS (screen reader)|JAWS]] to read IPA symbols
* [http://www.johntantalo.com/blog/ipa-tts-bookmarklet/ IPA TTS (text-to-speech) bookmarklet]

{{IPAkeys}}
{{ناوبری راهنما}}
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